上节内容请点击→这里 进行复习。
 

　　三、解题方法

　　做对指代题要考虑三个因素：指代词本身的意思、句与句之间的语义关系、句子的结构(语法)。
 

　　1. 语义关系

　　语义关系要求所指代词带入句子中要符合句子意思。

　　Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.

　　The word they in the passage refers to

　　a. applied-art objects

　　b. the laws of physics

　　c. containers

　　d. the sides of pots

　　托福指代题的考试特点是必须指代前面提到过的词，所以可以排除c和d两个选项。剩下a和b选项代入句子，原文译为：因为物理原理，而不是任意想法，决定了应用艺术品的普遍形式，应用艺术品/物理原理需要遵守基本的模式，这样它们的功能形式才不会相差太远。根据句子意思，应该是应用艺术品需要遵守基本的模式，而不是物理原理，所以我们可以推断出来答案是a。
 

　　It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

　　The word it in the passage refers to

　　a. pakicetus

　　b. fish

　　c. life

　　d. ocean

　　根据句子语义It probably bred and gave birth on land(它可能在陆地上繁殖养育下一代)可以推导出来it是指有生命的动物，所以排除c和d, b选项“鱼”是不可能在陆地上繁殖和养育下一代的，所以答案只能是a。
 

　　2. 句子结构

　　大部分同学在做指代题时感觉词汇太难，很难从语义上去推导出来正确答案，那么我们可以从句子结构分析入手。

　　The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

　　The word they in the passage refers to

　　a. qualities

　　b. fins

　　c. grooves

　　d. depressions

　　They在句子中作主语，so that表递进，前后主语应该一致，所以答案是b。

　　表递进逻辑的关系词还有such that。
 

　　Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives.

　　The word them in the passage refers to

　　a. workers

　　b. political party loyalties

　　c. disagreements over tactics

　　d. agents of opportunity

　　them是they的宾语，they是but引导的转折句子主语，转折关系前后主语一致所以they指workers, 进而我们可以推导出来them也指workers, 所以答案是a。
 

　　In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

　　The word others in the passage refers to

　　a. chambers

　　b. paintings

　　c. beasts

　　d. parades

　　根据逻辑关系词but可以推导出来前后主语一致，那么others与前面半句话主语some所指代的内容应该是一样的。Some指前一句主语beasts, 所以这道指代题的答案是c。

　　表转折逻辑的关系词：however, yet, while and whereas etc.
 

　　Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

　　The word these in the passage refers to

　　a. religious ceremonies

　　b. descriptions

　　c. types of ware

　　d. pots

　　although表让步，主从句主语需一致，所以these应与前面主句的主语一致，主句主语是descriptions, 所以答案是b。

　　表让步的逻辑关系词：though, even if/though, despite and in spite of etc.
 

　　四、总结

　　有些情况我们需要结合这三种因素来综合考虑指代题。

　　例：

　　In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.

　　The word them in the passage refers to

　　a. emotions

　　b. people

　　c. photographs

　　d. cultures

　　them是they的宾格，它指代的是宾语，而且是复数的。在句子中做宾语的有b和c选项，那么代进去，符合语义的只有c, 译为：然后他让来自世界各地的人指出照片上的人所呈现出来的情感。
 

　　通过以上分析我们可以知道，有的指代题可以从语义上去分析，有的指代题可以以句子结构为出发点，无论是哪种方法都是以代词本身的意思为基础的，此外，每一种方法都有各自的优点。在做题时，同学们要善于把这三种方法结合起来使用，以达到在最短时间内做对此类题型。

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