Reading Passage 1

Title

History  of Refrigeration

Question  types

特殊词配对+长句配对

内容回顾

制冷剂历史上的标志性年份和事件。

题型难度分析

带词库摘要题和长句配对很少第一题型出现，难度中等偏上，考生平常练习一定要各种题型都兼顾，才能确定备考的万无一失。

题型技巧分析

带词库摘要题做题步骤：

Step1根据标题和首句预判范围

Step2预判空格词性，内容（填空题大部分填名词）

Step3划空格前后定位词（空格前后往往有同意替换）

Step3定位找答案（带词库的的题乱序概率比较大）

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

C5T2P1, C8T1P1和C8T2P1

Reading Passage 2

Title

An Alternative  Approach of Farming in Honduras

Question  types

摘要填空5道，配对题6道，多选题2道

文章内容回顾

洪都拉斯雨林的新农耕

参考答案

参考答案（可能与原文有出入）：

14-19 段落信息配对题

14. why does the previous mode of farmingneed constantly  changing places?——A

(村庄周围的土地资源早已枯竭，农民不得不长途跋涉2-3小时到山上去工作)

15. the new working mode does not care whothe operator is.——F

(农业可以让所有家庭成员都参与，并解释了为什么)

16. a kind of material that must be added——F

(inexpensive nitrogen, cook fuel)

17. how the new mode of farming (IAC)imitates the process of  forest.——D

(一个人发明了这种农耕方式，并说明在自然状态下树叶自然掉落在地上以后可以为土壤增加养分)

18. why farmers have to continue theunattainable farming on  the infertile land——B

(因为土地稀缺)

19. a description of the cost of using thisnew approach of  planting crops——C

(需要分离出一部分土地来中暑，并且要等树长成但不会影响农民的生计)

20-24 摘要填空题

The government and Dr. Hans promoted theapproach of shifting  agriculture and recycling of fertilizers without too much attention, because it is lack of lightso that weeds and grass will not survive. Thepruned branches  would be put on the ground to form a thick layer of decomposingleaves. The crops would get nutrients from the holes. This approach poses no risk on farmers’ livelihood.

25-26 多选题

What are the benefits of new approach offarming?

A. More family  members are involved

B. This technology will increase new speciesof local plant

C. The same land can  be recycled

D. The new approach requires more labor thanthe traditional  one

题型难度分析

段落配考察信息的查找能力，乱序，难度较大，需要烤鸭短时记忆题干的能力，在文章中筛选出有效信息。

题型技巧分析

段落配做题技巧

1. 完全乱序

由于这种题型是要求把细节信息与所在的段落进行配对，因此是绝对打乱顺序出题的。

2. 部分题目存在重复选项

在雅思阅读中，段落细节配对题以两种形式出现，一种是每个选项只能用一次，另外一种题型，在Instruction的最后一句往往有这样的提示：NB  You may use any letter more than once.

如果出现这样的提示，则说明某些段落可以重复选用。剑桥真题集中的真题以及笔者、考生的实际考试经历证明，这种指令往往意味着有且仅有一个选项可以使用两次。

3. OG以及近期考题回顾未必是第一个题型

如果不是第一个题型出现一般难度会降低，前面的题目按顺序出题，最后完成段落配即可。而且这种题型与段落标题配对题型List  of headings属于“相克题型”，即这两者不可能同时出现。

4. 有部分题目与其后的题目有关联

由于这种题型一般都是跨全文出的，因此跟后面的题目不可避免地出现交叉，因此有可能根据后面的题目来推断出细节所在的位置。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

C7T4P2和C8T4P2；

Reading Passage 3

Title

Mechanism of  LinguisticChange

Question  types

填空；判断；长句匹配

文章内容回顾

参考文章：

Mechanism of  Linguistic Change

The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those  in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations  of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from  other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions of contemporary grammarians  and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages  and dialects concerned. From the middle of the sixteenth century,there are in  England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for  the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems  of phonetic symbols. These various kind of evidence, combined with a  knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give us a very  good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty  is never possible.

When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period  of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale  regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just  about all the long [a:] vowels in a language may change into long[e:] vowels，or all the [b]consonants  in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into [p]  consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no  universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universaltendencies),  but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one  given period.

It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process  of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person  imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be  imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be  imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a  social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose  prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class  pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable,  became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people  tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation  in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the  replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing,  and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social  changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes,  and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry,  probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class  speech.

A  less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect:  they copy their parents’ speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is  true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually  corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults  show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given  phone me,even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however,  cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is  some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random  deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change  in the language.

One such force which is often invoked is the principle of  ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an  example of assimilation，  which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a  sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant  was once skamt，but  the /m/has been changed to /n/ under the influence of the following /t/.  Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because /n/ and /t/ are  articulated in the same place(with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge),  whereas /m/ is articulated else where (with the two lips). So the place of  articulation of thenasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of  the following plosive.A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the  common pronunciation of football as foopball.

Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation  in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonantsto be lost  at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final [-n] was oftenlost in  unstressed syllables, so that baken ‘to bake’ changed from [ba:kən] to[ba:kə],and  later to [ba:k]. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At onetime there  was a [t] in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial [k] in words  like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive  syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is  temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory.

参考答案

答案回忆：

题型难度分析

本篇文章还是以细节题作为主打题型，总体难度中等。

题型技巧分析

句首配句尾这样的小题型，最近比较热。

1）句首是按文章顺序出的，依次定位，句尾打乱顺序，可以提前浏览句尾全部浏览题干。

2）根据句尾依次定位，如果句首难定位，则句尾的改写简单，而如果句首易定位，则句尾的改写难。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑9 Test 3Passage1

剑5 Test 1Passage1

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

本次考试依旧是三旧，第二篇阅读与第三篇阅读话题与上次考试类似。第一篇 History of Refrigeration，科技发展类话题；第二篇 An Alternative Approach  of Farming in Honduras讲的是农业技术，；第三篇 Mechanism of  Linguistic Change，讲的是语言学话题；跟平时练习的很多文章体裁相似，也就是是平时做好剑桥真题，可以在考场上举一反三，事半功倍。

题型上来讲，除了常规的填空和判断，多选，长句配对这种小题型增多，而单选没有出现，也就是说题型的出现有时候不按常理出牌，讲上课老师讲的每一种题型都处理好，才能在考场应对自如。